Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA) is a relatively rare disease marked by inflammation of the blood vessels. The condition is potentially life-threatening.
In GPA, inflammation damages the walls of small- and medium-sized arteries and veins. This damage interferes with normal blood supply to nearby tissues. As a result, tissues in many parts of the body may be injured and destroyed.
Tissues affected by GPA contain islands of inflamed cells. These are called granulomas.
Three areas in the body are affected most commonly:
Upper airways (including the sinuses, trachea and nose). In the upper airways, tissue destruction causes chronic (long-lasting) nasal and sinus problems. Many people with GPA first see their doctors because of sinusitis, persistent runny nose or frequent bloody nose.
Lungs. In most people with GPA, inflammation targets the lungs as well. This causes a respiratory illness. Symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing or coughing up blood.
Kidneys. Kidney damage affects most people with GPA. But in many cases, this damage is mild and does not cause any symptoms. In some people, however, the kidney damage is more severe. It may cause kidney failure.
In some cases, GPA involves other organs. This may include the eyes, ears, skin, joints, heart and nerves.
GPA is believed to be an autoimmune disorder. This means the body's immune defenses mistakenly attack the body's own cells and tissues. In this case, the misdirected immune attack is aimed at the blood vessels. This triggers inflammation and damage.
When GPA first develops, most people have upper respiratory complaints. Common symptoms of GPA include:
Persistent nasal congestion
Nosebleeds
Fever
Malaise (a general sick feeling)
Weakness
Fatigue
Weight loss
Night sweats
Joint pain
Muscle aches
As the disease gets worse, upper respiratory symptoms usually worsen. Other parts of the body can be affected, too.
The following symptoms may occur, depending on the location and severity of the inflammation:
Symptoms of chronic sinusitis, such as:
Sinus pain
Discolored nasal discharge
Sores or crusting inside the nose
Earache and hearing loss
Lung symptoms, including:
Cough
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Coughing up blood
Chest discomfort due to:
Inflammation in the lungs and airways
Blood clots in the lungs
Swollen gums
"Saddle nose deformity," an indentation over the bridge of the nose due to cartilage inflammation
Ulcers on the tonsils
Eye symptoms, such as:
Eye pain
Redness
A burning sensation
Weakened vision or double vision (this is rare)
Skin symptoms, including:
Red or purple patches
Small blisters
Ulcers
Small nodules
Swollen joints (due to arthritis)
Swollen limbs (due to blood clots)
Symptoms caused by a narrowing of the upper portion of the windpipe, such as:
Hoarseness
Coughing
Breathing problems
Your doctor may suspect GPA if you have:
Unusually persistent symptoms of sinusitis
Respiratory tract symptoms or
Unexplained kidney disease
and
Your symptoms have worsened despite treatment
Many early symptoms of GPA are similar to those of milder and more common respiratory problems. As a result, the average person with GPA often has symptoms for months before the correct diagnosis is made.
Your doctor will review your symptoms and medical history. This will include any treatments that you have received so far.
Your doctor will conduct a thorough physical examination. He or she will carefully check your entire respiratory tract, from the tip of your nose to the base of your lungs. The doctor will look for evidence of inflammation and tissue injury. Your doctor may also examine your eyes, ears, heart and skin.
After the physical exam, your doctor may send you for tests. These tests will look for inflammation and organ damage. The tests will focus on your upper respiratory tract, lungs and kidneys. These tests may include:
Complete blood count (CBC) to look for:
Evidence of anemia (common in GPA)
Abnormal white blood cell count
Platelet count abnormalities that might suggest another diagnosis
Blood tests that measure body-wide inflammation
Tests to measure kidney function
A blood test for an antibody that is found in most people with GPA is called anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)
Urinalysis to check for kidney damage
Chest X-ray to look for evidence of lung damage or nodules
Sinus X-ray or computed tomography (CT) scan to determine whether you have sinusitis.
These tests also help to check for other illnesses that may cause symptoms similar to GPA.
The only way to confirm this diagnosis is to have a biopsy. Tissue is taken from an affected organ. It is then examined under a microscope to check for granulomas and areas of inflammation.
GPA can rapidly lead to death in people with multiple affected organs who do not get appropriate treatment.
With treatment, symptoms can go away for long periods. However, setbacks are common. Most people are in treatment and under a doctor's supervision for at least two years from the time of diagnosis.
There is no known way to prevent GPA.
Initial treatment for GPA usually includes the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid drug prednisone. For milder or more limited disease, your doctor may also recommend treatment with the drug methotrexate (Folex, Rheumatrex).
For active or severe disease, your doctor may recommend treatment with a combination of two drugs: prednisone along with cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar) or rituximab (Rituxan). Cyclophosphamide and rituximab are powerful immune-suppressing medications.
As your symptoms subside, your doctor will try to reduce the dosage of each drug gradually.
Once your condition improves and you've taken cyclophosphamide or rituximab for three to six months, your doctor may suggest switching medications. He or she may recommend methotrexate or azathioprine (Imuran, Azasan) for a total of one year of treatment. However, longer courses of therapy may be necessary if disease control is interrupted by periods of active disease.
Cyclophosphamide is a very strong drug. It can cause serious side effects such as bladder damage (especially bleeding) and an increased risk of bladder cancer. Cyclophosphamide and rituximab can increase a person's risk of serious infections.
If you develop serious side effects related to these medications, your doctor may prescribe an alternative medication.
A procedure called plasmapheresis may help some people. In this procedure, blood is filtered and returned to the body. This procedure may help because it removes harmful antibodies but details about why it may work are unknown.
See your doctor if you have a chronic stuffy nose, runny nose, nosebleeds or cough. Keep in mind that even with these symptoms, it's likely that you have a sinus or viral infection as these conditions are much more common than GPA.
More than three-quarters of people with GPA survive for five years or longer after diagnosis.
With treatment, most people with the condition enter remission. However, as many as half will relapse when medication is reduced or stopped. Those who do not relapse may remain in remission for many years, often without needing more medication.
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
6610 Rockledge Drive, MSC 6612
Bethesda, MD 20892-2520
Toll-Free: 1-866-284-4107
TDD: 1-800-877-8339
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/
Vasculitis Foundation
P.O. Box 28660
Kansas City, MO 64188-8660
Toll-Free: 1-800-277-9474
http://www.vasculitisfoundation.org/
American College of Rheumatology
2200 Lake Boulevard NE
Atlanta, GA 30319
Phone: 404-633-3777
Fax: 404-633-1870
http://www.rheumatology.org/
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