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5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan) Be aware that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and dietary supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products containing or claiming to contain 5-HTP. Decisions to use herbs or supplements should be carefully considered. Individuals using prescription drugs should discuss taking herbs or supplements with a pharmacist or health care professional before starting.
Serotonin is the brain chemical associated with sleep, mood, locomotion, feeding and anxiety. While other cells outside the brain — such as blood platelets and some intestinal lining cells — make and/or use serotonin, all serotonin used by brain cells must be made within the neurons themselves. When serotonin is not properly constructed within the brain, the result can be irritability, aggression, impatience, anxiety and depression. - The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor for the neurotransmitter serotonin.
- Serotonergic neurons express the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to 5-HTP.
- Next, the amino acid decarboxylase converts 5-HTP into 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), more commonly known as serotonin.
- Metabolites of 5-HTP include 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA).
Scientists have studied 5-HTP for the following health problems: Cerebellar ataxia (difficulty standing and walking) | Cerebellar ataxia results from the failure of part of the brain to regulate body posture and limb movements. 5-HTP has been observed to have benefits in some people who have difficulty standing or walking because of cerebellar ataxia. Some research shows that 5-HTP may allow individuals with unsteady movements to stand alone without assistance, walk without aid or improve coordination. Other research shows no benefit. Further research is needed before a conclusion can be drawn. | Headache | There is evidence from several studies in both children and adults that 5-HTP may be effective in reducing the severity and frequency of headaches, including tension headaches and migraines. 5-HTP may be most effective for treating headaches in people with a history of depression or those who experienced severe headaches before the age of 20 years. Fewer pain-relieving medications may be needed when taken with 5-HTP; however, many of the available studies show that more proven pharmaceutical drugs may work better than 5-HTP for headaches. Further research is needed. | Appetite suppressant, weight loss, obesity | 5-HTP inhibits eating behavior in animals by altering serotonin in the brain. Studies in humans also suggest that 5-HTP may reduce eating behaviors, lessen caloric intake and promote weight loss in obese individuals. Large, well-designed studies comparing 5-HTP with prescription appetite-suppressant drugs are needed to make a recommendation. | Depression | The results of numerous studies in humans suggest that 5-HTP may aid in the treatment of depression. However, it is not known whether 5-HTP is as effective as commonly prescribed antidepressant drugs. | Fibromyalgia | There is a small amount of research evaluating the use of 5-HTP for fibromyalgia, and early evidence suggests that 5-HTP may reduce the number of tender points, anxiety and intensity of pain and may improve sleep, fatigue and morning stiffness. Additional studies with larger numbers of people are needed to determine what dose may be safe and effective. | Anxiety | Although 5-HTP has been proposed as a possible treatment for anxiety disorders, there are very few studies in humans including a small amount of patients. More research is needed to determine whether 5-HTP is an effective treatment for certain types of anxiety disorders and what dose may be safe and effective. | Psychiatric disorders | It has been suggested that 5-HTP may reduce psychotic symptoms and mania or aid in panic disorder, but studies in people with schizophrenia have shown different results. Further well-designed research is needed. | Myoclonic syndromes (sudden, dramatic muscle spasms) | Although 5-HTP has been studied as a treatment for various myoclonic syndromes and epilepsy, available research does not support the use of 5-HTP for these conditions. | Lesch-Nyhan syndrome | Small studies of 5-HTP in Lesch-Nyhand syndrome show conflicting results. | Down syndrome | Preliminary study of 5-HTP in children with Down syndrome yields insignificant results. Further research is necessary. | Alcohol withdrawal symptoms | Early study suggests that 5-HTP may lessen alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Further research is needed to confirm these results. |
5-HTP has been suggested for many other uses, based on tradition or on scientific theories. However, these uses have not been thoroughly studied in humans, and there is limited scientific evidence about safety or effectiveness. Some of these suggested uses are for conditions that are potentially very serious and even life-threatening. You should consult a health care professional before taking 5-HTP for any unproven use. Aggression
Agoraphobia
Alcoholism
Alzheimer's disease
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
Attention deficit disorder
Autism
Binge eating
Bipolar disorder
Bulimia nervosa
Cough
Delirium tremens
Diabetes
Dizziness
Dystonia
Fibrositis
Hepatitis | Hormonal conditions
Inflammation
Lance-Adams syndrome
Major depressive disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Ophthalmoplegia
Pain management
Parkinson's disease
Peristalsis
Phenylketonuria
Premenstrual syndrome
Ramsey Hunt's syndrome
Restless legs syndrome
Seasonal affective disorder
Serotonin deficiency
Sexual dysfunction
Temperature regulation |
Allergies People should avoid 5-HTP if they have a known allergy. Signs of allergy may include rash, itching or shortness of breath. Side Effects 5-HTP is generally well tolerated, but there is a risk of several side effects. Some of these are potentially serious, although most have been reported only rarely. It is recommended that 5-HTP be used only under the supervision of a qualified health care professional because of these potential risks. Some people may experience stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, heartburn, gas or bloating. These side effects may be lessened if the dose is started low and increased gradually. Intake of 5-HTP has also been associated with decreased carbohydrate intake and weight loss. It is possible that 5-HTP may lower cholesterol levels, cause sodium retention, lower blood pressure or cause pounding heartbeats or a slow heart rate. 5-HTP has been associated with feelings of euphoria and mania, lessened inhibitions, sleepiness, headache, restlessness, rapid speech, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, aggressiveness and agitation. 5-HTP may alter moods. Use it with caution if you have a history of mental disorders. Based on several reported cases, 5-HTP may cause seizures if used for long periods of time. Scleroderma and abnormal blood cell counts have also been associated with 5-HTP use. Periodic monitoring by a health care professional is advised. Cases of abnormal blood counts (eosinophilia), a potentially fatal condition called eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and scleroderma have rarely been associated with 5-HTP and may be caused by contaminants or the method of manufacturing of some products. Hyperleptinemia was observed as a result of 5-HTP therapy in one mouse study. Sleepiness and headache are occasionally reported. Transient disinhibition and euphoria have occurred after intravenous dosing. Other reports are consistent with the adverse effects that may be observed with serotonergic psychotropic drugs, including euphoria, restlessness, rapid speech, anxiety, insomnia, aggressiveness and agitation (anecdotal). Pregnancy And Breast-Feeding 5-HTP cannot be recommended during pregnancy because of a lack of scientific information. There is a risk of adverse effects from 5-HTP or possible contaminants. 5-HTP can affect prolactin, a necessary hormone for milk production, and therefore should be avoided while breast-feeding.
Interactions with drugs, herbs and other supplements have not been thoroughly studied. The interactions listed below have been reported in scientific publications. If you are taking prescription drugs, speak with your health care provider or pharmacist before using herbs or dietary supplements. Interactions With Drugs When 5-HTP is used with drugs that act within the central nervous system, there may be an increased risk of adverse effects. Examples of such drugs include carbidopa, fluoxetine (Prozac), buspirone (Buspar), phenelzine (Nardil), amitriptyline (Elavil), phenobarbital, trazodone (Desyrel), venlafaxine (Effexor), tramadol (Ultram), sumatriptan (Imitrex), mirtazapine (Remeron) and pindolol. If you experience muscle aches, fever or other abnormalities when taking 5-HTP with other drugs, notify a health care professional immediately. In contrast, drugs such as methysergide or cyproheptadine may reduce the effects of 5-HTP. It is possible that prolonged hallucinations may occur if 5-HTP is taken with zolpidem (Ambien). In theory, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as phenelzine, or reserpine may cause blood pressure to be too high if used with 5-HTP. Losartan (angiotensin receptor blocker) may cause a decrease in pineal serotonin levels. 5-HTP, when taken with fenfluramine, may cause suppression in food intake. Administration of 5-HTP with decarboxylase inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration and half-life of 5-HTP. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), but not tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), have been shown to increase serotonin receptor-mediated stimulation of cortisol and prolactin secretion in humans, as well as an increase in central serotonergic activity in patients with mood disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder by a presynaptic mechanism. Ritanserin (five milligrams, twice per day, for two days) which is a 5-HTZ/5-HT1c antagonist, significantly inhibited 5-HTP-induced cortisol levels in one study. Lithium carbonate may enhance serotonin receptor sensitivity, whereas TCA and second-generation antidepressants may diminish serotonin receptor sensitivity. Interactions With Herbs And Dietary Supplements In theory, L-tyrosine, adenosyl-L-methionine, tryptophan, vitamin B6, chromium, melatonin, niacin, SAMe, St. John’s wort, herbs and supplements with monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) activity, and magnesium may increase the effects or side effects associated with 5-HTP.
The doses listed below are based on scientific research, publications or traditional use. Because most herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly studied or monitored, safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients even within the same brand. Combination products often contain small amounts of each ingredient and may not be effective. Appropriate dosing should be discussed with a health care professional before starting therapy; always read the recommendations on a product's label. The dosing for unproven uses should be approached cautiously, because scientific information is limited in these areas. Safety of use beyond 12 months has not been studied. Enteric-coated tablets are recommended to increase absorption and minimize stomach discomfort. It is suggested that the dose be started low and be increased slowly. There are no standard or well-established doses of 5-HTP, and many different doses are used traditionally. Caution is advised when stopping drugs that inhibit serotonin, because levels can rise and cause an exaggerated effect with 5-HTP supplementation. 5-HTP can be taken with or without food, and when taken orally, it was shown to be 70 percent bioavailable in one study and is reported to easily crosses the blood brain barrier. Adults (Aged 18 Or Older) For cerebellar ataxia, a dose of 10 to 16 milligrams per kilogram of body weight daily has been used. For headache, 300 to 600 milligrams taken by mouth daily have been used. For appetite control and weight loss, a dose of eight milligrams per kilogram of body weight or 750 to 900 milligrams per day has been used in clinical studies. When treating depression, a dose of 200 to 300 milligrams daily has been suggested. For fibromyalgia, a dose of 100 milligrams three times daily has been recommended. One study showed that nausea and vomiting were present at total doses of 36 to 128 milligrams of a 5-HTP infusion. Children (Younger Than 18) There are not enough scientific data to recommend 5-HTP for use in children, and 5-HTP is not usually recommended because of potential side effects. However, a dose of 4.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight has been used in research to treat chronic headache.
5-HTP has been suggested as a treatment for many conditions. There is some research to support the use of 5-HTP in treating cerebellar ataxia, headache, depression psychiatric disorders and fibromyalgia and as an appetite suppressant or weight-loss agent. There is not enough scientific evidence to support the use of 5-HTP for any other medical condition. 5-HTP may cause mood disturbances, seizure or abnormal blood counts. Some reported side effects may result from contaminants in 5-HTP products. 5-HTP should be avoided in pregnant or breast-feeding women and used cautiously in children. Safety of use beyond 12 months has not been studied. You should check with a health care professional and pharmacist before using 5-HTP to discuss possible dangerous interactions between 5-HTP and drugs or other supplements. Consult a health care professional immediately if you have any side effects. The information in this monograph was prepared by the professional staff at Natural Standard, based on thorough systematic review of scientific evidence. The material was reviewed by the Faculty of the Harvard Medical School with final editing approved by Natural Standard.
- Natural Standard: An organization that produces scientifically based reviews of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) topics
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM): A division of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services dedicated to research
Selected Scientific Studies: 5-HTP Natural Standard reviewed more than 450 articles to prepare the professional monograph from which this version was created. Some of the more recent studies are listed below: - Abrham HD. L-5-hydroxytryptophan for LSD-induced psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140(4):456-458.
- Attele AS, Xie JT, Yuan CS. Treatment of insomnia: an alternative approach. Altern Med Rev 2000;5(3):249-259.
- Barr LC, Goodman WK, McDougle CJ, et al. Tryptophan depletion in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who respond to serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51(4):309-317.
- Belongia EA, Hedberg CW, Gleich GJ, et al. An investigation of the cause of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with tryptophan use. The New England Journal of Medicine 1990;323(6):357-365.
- Benkelfat C, Ellenbogen MA, Dean P, et al. Mood-lowering effect of tryptophan depletion. Enhanced susceptibility in young men at genetic risk for major affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51(9):687-697.
- Bhatti T, Gillin JC, Golshan S, et al. The effects of a tryptophan-free amino acid drink on sleep and mood of patients with major depressive disorder in remission. Sleep Research 1995;24A:267.
- Boiardi A, Crenna P, Merati B, et al. 5-OH-Tryptophane in migraine: clinical and neurophysiological considerations. J Neurol 1981;225(1):41-46.
- Boiardi A, Picotti GB, Di Giulio AM, et al. Platelet met-enkephalin immunoreactivity and 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations in migraine patients: effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan, amitriptyline and chlorimipramine treatment. Cephalalgia 1984;4(2):81-84.
- Bono G, Micieli G, Sances G, et al. L-5HTP treatment in primary headaches: an attempt at clinical identification of responsive patients. Cephalalgia 1984;4(3):159-165.
- Byerley WF, Judd LL, Reimherr FW, et al. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: a review of its antidepressant efficacy and adverse effects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987;7(3):127-137.
- Cangiano C, Ceci F, Cascino A, et al. Eating behavior and adherence to dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56(5):863-867.
- Cangiano C, Laviano A, Del Ben M, et al. Effects of oral 5-hydroxy-tryptophan on energy intake and macronutrient selection in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22(7):648-654.
- Caruso I, Sarzi PP, Cazzola M, et al. Double-blind study of 5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res 1990;18(3):201-209.
- Ceci F, Cangiano C, Cairella M, et al. The effects of oral 5-hydroxytryptophan administration on feeding behavior in obese adult female subjects. J Neural Transm 1989;76(2):109-117.
- Charney DS, Heninger GR. Serotonin function in panic disorders. The effect of intravenous tryptophan in healthy subjects and patients with panic disorder before and during alprazolam treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43(11):1059-1065.
- Cleare AJ, Bond AJ. The effect of tryptophan depletion and enhancement on subjective and behavioural aggression in normal male subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995;118(1):72-81.
- De Benedittis G, Massei R. Serotonin precursors in chronic primary headache. A double-blind cross- over study with L-5-hydroxytryptophan vs. placebo. J Neurosurg Sci 1985;29(3):239-248.
- De Benedittis G, Massei R. 5-HT precursors in migraine prophylaxiss: a double-blind cross-over study with L-5-hydoxytryptophan. Clin J Pain 1986;2(2):123-129.
- De Giorgis G, Miletto R, Iannuccelli M, et al. Headache in association with sleep disorders in children: a psychodiagnostic evaluation and controlled clinical study--L-5-HTP versus placebo. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1987;13(7):425-433.
- De Lean J, Richardson JC, Rewcastle NB. Pathological findings in a case of hypoxic myoclonus treated with 5- hydroxytryptophan and a decarboxylase inhibitor. Adv Neurol 1986;43:215-223.
- Delgado PL, Price LH, Miller HL, et al. Serotonin and the neurobiology of depression. Effects of tryptophan depletion in drug-free depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51(11):865-874.
- den Boer JA, Westenberg HG. Behavioral, neuroendocrine, and biochemical effects of 5- hydroxytryptophan administration in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res 1990;31(3):267-278.
- DeSilva KE, Le Flore DB, Marston BJ, et al. Serotonin syndrome in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy and fluoxetine. AIDS 2001;15(10):1281-1285.
- Freundlich B, Werth VP, Rook AH, et al. L-tryptophan ingestion associated with eosinophilic fasciitis but not progressive systemic sclerosis. Ann Intern Med 1990;112(10):758-762.
- Fux M, Taub M, Zohar J. Emergence of depressive symptoms during treatment for panic disorder with specific 5-hydroxytryptophan reuptake inhibitors. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993;88(4):235-237.
- Gascon G, Wallenberg B, Daif AK, et al. Successful treatment of cherry red spot-myoclonus syndrome with 5- hydroxytryptophan. Ann Neurol 1988;24(3):453-455.
- Gedye A. Hypothesized treatment for migraines using low doses of tryptophan, niacin, calcium, caffeine, and acetylsalicylic acid. Med Hypotheses 2001;56(1):91-94.
- George DT, Lindquist T, Rawlings RR, et al. Pharmacologic maintenance of abstinence in patients with alcoholism: no efficacy of 5-hydroxytryptophan or levodopa. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;52(5):553-560.
- Genazzani AR, Sandrini G, Facchinetti F, et al. Effects of L-5HTP with and without carbidopa on plasma beta-endorphin and pain perception. Possible implications in migraine prophylaxis. Cephalalgia 1986;6(4):241-245.
- Gijsman HJ, van Gerven JM, de Kam ML, et al. Placebo-controlled comparison of three dose-regimens of 5-hydroxytryptophan challenge test in healthy volunteers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;22(2):183-189.
- Goldbloom DS, Garfinkel PE, Katz R, et al. The hormonal response to intravenous 5-hydroxytryptophan in bulimia nervosa. J Psychosom Res 1996;40(3):289-297.
- Klarskov K, Johnson KL, Benson LM, et al. Structural characterization of a case-implicated contaminant, "Peak X," in commercial preparations of 5-hydroxytryptophan. J Rheumatol 2003;30(1):89-95.
- Klarskov K, Johnson KL, Benson LM, et al. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome case-associated contaminants in commercially available 5-hydroxytryptophan. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999;467:461-468.
- Lado-Abeal J, Grana M, Rey C, et al. L-5-hydroxytryptophan does not stimulate LH secretion directly from the pituitary in patients with gonadotrophin releasing hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998;49(2):203-207.
- Lee MA, Nash JF, Barnes M, et al. Inhibitory effect of ritanserin on the 5-hydroxytryptophan-mediated cortisol, ACTH and prolactin secretion in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991;103(2):258-264.
- Lipson AH, Earl JW, Wilcken B, et al. Successful treatment of dihydropteridine reductase deficiency, with an interesting effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan deficiency on sleep patterns. J Inherit Metab Dis 1991;14(1):49-52.
- Meltzer H, Bastani B, Jayathilake K, et al. Fluoxetine, but not tricyclic antidepressants, potentiates the 5- hydroxytryptophan-mediated increase in plasma cortisol and prolactin secretion in subjects with major depression or with obsessive compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997;17(1):1-11.
- Meltzer HY, Maes M. Effect of pindolol on the L-5-HTP-induced increase in plasma prolactin and cortisol concentrations in man. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994;114(4):635-643.
- Menkes DB, Coates DC, Fawcett JP. Acute tryptophan depletion aggravates premenstrual syndrome. J Affect Disord 1994;32(1):37-44.
- Meyers S. Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression. Altern Med Rev 2000;Feb, 5(1):64-71.
- Michelson D, Page SW, Casey R, et al. An eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome related disorder associated with exposure to L-5-hydroxytryptophan. J Rheumatol 1994;21(12):2261-2265.
- Nakano K, Hayakawa T, Shishikura K, et al. Improvement of action myoclonus by an administration of 5- hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa in a child with muscular subsarcolemmal hyperactivity. Brain Dev 1990;12(5):516-520.
- Nicolodi M, Sicuteri F. L-5-hydroxytryptophan can prevent nociceptive disorders in man. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999;467:177-182.
- Neumeister A, Praschak-Rieder N, Besselmann B, et al. Effects of tryptophan depletion on drug-free patients with seasonal affective disorder during a stable response to bright light therapy: Department of General Psychiatry, Vienna University, Austria. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;Feb, 54(2):133-138.
- Pranzatelli MR, Tate E, Huang Y, et al. Neuropharmacology of progressive myoclonus epilepsy: response to 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. Epilepsia 1995;36(8):783-791.
- Pranzatelli MR, Tate E, Galvan I, et al. A controlled trial of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan for ataxia in progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1996;98(2):161-164.
- Puttini PS, Caruso I. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. J Int Med Res 1992;20(2):182-189.
- Ribeiro CA. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan in the prophylaxis of chronic tension-type headache: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. For the Portuguese Head Society. Headache 2000;40(6):451-456.
- Ryan ND, Birmaher B, Perel JM, et al. Neuroendocrine response to L-5-hydroxytryptophan challenge in prepubertal major depression: depressed vs normal children. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;Nov, 49(11):843-851.
- Schruers K, van Diest R, Overbeek T, et al. Acute L-5-hydroxytryptophan administration inhibits carbon dioxide-induced panic in panic disorder patients. Psychiatry Res 2002;113(3):237-243.
- Schruers K, van Diest R, Nicolson N, et al. L-5-hydroxytryptophan induced increase in salivary cortisol in panic disorder patients and healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;161(4):365-369.
- Sharma RP, Shapiro LE, Kamath SK, et al. Acute dietary tryptophan depletion: effects on schizophrenic positive and negative symptoms. Neuropsychobiology 1997;35(1):5-10.
- Shaw K, Turner J, Del M. Tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan for depression (cochrane review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;3:CD003198.
- Shaw K, Turner J, Del Mar C. Tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;1:CD003198.
- Smeraldi E, Diaferia G, Erzegovesi S, et al. Tryptophan depletion in obsessive-compulsive patients. Biol Psychiatry 1996;40(5):398-402.
- Smith RL, Kennedy CH. Increases in avoidance responding produced by REM sleep deprivation or serotonin depletion are reversed by administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan. Behav Brain Res 2003;140(1-2):81-86.
- Stone RA, Worsdell YM, Fuller RW, et al. Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptophan infusion on the human cough reflex. J Appl Physiol 1993;74(1):396-401.
- Trouillas P, Serratrice G, Laplane D, et al. Levorotatory form of 5-hydroxytryptophan in Friedreich's ataxia. Results of a double-blind drug-placebo cooperative study. Arch Neurol 1995;52(5):456-460.
- Turner BJ, Lopes EC, Cheema SS. The serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan delays neuromuscular disease in murine familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord 2003;4(3):171-176.
- Van Vliet IM, Slaap BR, Westenberg HG, Den Boer JA. Behavioral, neuroendocrine and biochemical effects of different doses of 5-HTP in panic disorder: Department of Psychiatry, Academic Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1996;May, 6(2):103-110.
Last updated June 29, 2005
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