(International Herald Tribune) -- Our brains were shaped and sharpened by movement, an emerging view of human evolution goes, and we continue to require regular physical activity in order for our brains to function optimally.

Anyone whose resolve to exercise in 2013 is a bit shaky might want to consider an emerging scientific view of human evolution. It suggests that we are clever today in part because a million years ago, we could outrun and outwalk most other mammals over long distances. Our brains were shaped and sharpened by movement, the idea goes, and we continue to require regular physical activity so our brains can function optimally.

In 2004, two evolutionary biologists, Daniel E. Lieberman of Harvard and Dennis M. Bramble of the University of Utah, published an article in the journal Nature titled "Endurance Running and the Evolution of Homo," in which they said that our bipedal ancestors survived by becoming endurance athletes, able to bring down swifter prey through sheer doggedness, jogging and plodding along behind them until the animals dropped.

Endurance produced meals, which provided energy for mating, which meant that adept early joggers passed along their genes. In this way, natural selection drove early humans to become even more athletic, Dr. Lieberman and other scientists have written, their bodies developing longer legs, shorter toes, less hair and complicated inner-ear mechanisms to maintain balance and stability during upright ambulation. Movement shaped the human body.

But simultaneously, in a development that until recently many scientists viewed as unrelated, humans were becoming smarter. Their brains were increasing rapidly in size. Today, humans have a brain that is about three times the size that would be expected, anthropologists say, given our species' body size in comparison with that of other mammals.

To explain those outsized brains, evolutionary scientists have pointed to such occurrences as meat eating and, perhaps most determinatively, our early ancestors' need for social interaction. Early humans had to plan and execute hunts as a group, which required complicated thinking patterns and, it has been thought, rewarded the social and brainy with evolutionary success. According to that hypothesis, the evolution of the brain was driven by the need to think.

But now some scientists are suggesting that physical activity also played a critical role in making our brains larger. To reach that conclusion, anthropologists began by looking at data about brain size and endurance capacity in a variety of mammals, including dogs, guinea pigs, foxes, mice, wolves, rats, civet cats, antelope, mongooses, goats, sheep and elands. They found a pattern. Species like dogs and rats that had a high innate endurance capacity, which presumably had evolved over millenniums, also had large brain volumes relative to their body size.

The researchers also looked at recent experiments in which mice and rats were systematically bred to be marathon runners. Lab animals that willingly put in the most miles on running wheels were interbred, resulting in the creation of a line of lab animals that excelled at running. After multiple generations, these animals began to develop innately high levels of substances that promote tissue growth and health, including a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or B.D.N.F. These substances are important for endurance performance. They also are known to drive brain growth.

What all of this means, said David A. Raichlen, an anthropologist at the University of Arizona and an author of an article about the evolution of human brains appearing in the January issue of Proceedings of the Royal Society B, is that physical activity may have helped to make early humans smarter.

"We think that what happened" in our early hunter-gatherer ancestors, he said, is that the more athletic and active survived and, as with the lab mice, passed along physiological characteristics that improved their endurance, including elevated levels of B.D.N.F. Eventually, these early athletes had enough B.D.N.F. coursing through their bodies that some could migrate from the muscles to the brain, where it nudged the growth of brain tissue.

Those particular early humans then applied their growing ability to think and reason toward better tracking prey, becoming the best- fed and most successful from an evolutionary standpoint. Being in motion made them smarter, and being smarter now allowed them to move more efficiently.

The broad point of this new notion is that if physical activity helped to mold the structure of our brains, then it most likely remains essential to brain health today, said John D. Polk, an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and co-author, with Dr. Raichlen, of the new article.

And there is scientific support for that idea. Recent studies have shown, he said, that "regular exercise, even walking," leads to more robust mental abilities, "beginning in childhood and continuing into old age."

Of course, the hypothesis that jogging after prey helped to drive human brain evolution is just a hypothesis, Dr. Raichlen said, and almost unprovable.

But it is compelling, said Harvard's Dr. Lieberman, who has worked with the authors of the article. "I fundamentally agree that there is a deep evolutionary basis for the relationship between a healthy body and a healthy mind," he said, a relationship that provides a powerful incentive to be active in 2013.

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