Hair loss has not been described as a side effect of the smallpox vaccine. Some people have had a local rash with hair loss (called folliculitis). Dramatic hair loss is not a normal side effect of the vaccine. I would advise you to see a physician to evaluate other possible causes. Prevention of further hair loss and restoration of hair growth are quite likely.

Smallpox vaccine contains a live virus called vaccinia that is related to the smallpox virus. Because the vaccine contains a live virus, the side effects can be quite serious. That is why there are so many restrictions and warnings on who can get it and who should avoid it. The risk of the vaccine needs to be balanced against the risk of smallpox exposure.

Smallpox vaccination was routinely given to people in the United States until 1972. The last known case of smallpox was seen in Somalia in 1977. Since that time, there have been no naturally occurring cases anywhere in the world. The only source of the virus at present is in laboratory samples. Smallpox has been brought back into the spotlight after the events of Sept. 11, 2001. There is fear that some of these laboratory supplies could be diverted and used as a weapon.

We know a good deal about the side effects of smallpox vaccine because it was so widely used until 1972. Smallpox vaccine is usually very well tolerated. The vaccine is typically administered in the arm and can cause pain and local swelling at the injection site and a low-grade fever. About one out of every 1,000 people can get a rash (called vaccinia rash) that is caused by an accidental spreading of the live virus by touching the vaccination site. More serious and life-threatening reactions are possible but rare. It has been estimated that for every million people vaccinated, one or two people will die from the life-threatening side effects of the vaccination.